![]() ![]() Moreover, the detection of some biofilm related genes in these strains and their involvement with biofilm will be evaluated. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biofilm forming ability of Staphylococcus strains causing bovine mastitis using different phenotypic methods. According to our knowledge, in Egypt, researches on biofilm only began recently and mainly focused on Staphylococcus clinical isolates from human sources. Monitoring the biofilm forming ability of Staphylococci causing mastitis and the genes involved in it may provide new ideas or strategy for the prevention or the effective treatment of bovine mastitis. The intercellular adhesion ( ica) locus consisting of the genes icaADB and C encodes the proteins mediating the synthesis of PIA and PS/A in staphylococcal species. Then, the bacteria multiply to form a multilayered biofilm, which was associated with production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA). Firstly, the bacteria adhere to a surface mediated by a capsular antigen, namely, capsular polysaccharide/adhesin (PS/A). It is considered to be a two-step process. Staphylococcus biofilm formation mechanisms are complex and include the participation of many kinds of proteins, and so many genes are involved. The ability of Staphylococci to form biofilms is one of the virulence factors that facilitate the adherence and colonization of Staphylococci on the mammary gland epithelium, also contributing to the evasion of the immunological defences and to the difficulty of pathogen eradication, leading to recurrent or persistent infections. īiofilm is an exopolysaccharide, a slime matrix around multiple layers of cells. The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus mastitis is attributed to a combination of extracellular factors and properties such as adherence and biofilm formation. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) remains a substantial problem for milk producers worldwide. Therefore, attention must be paid toward implementation of new ways for effective treatment of such infections.īovine mastitis caused by S. This study demonstrated high prevalence of Staphylococcus biofilm producers among bovine mastitis in Egypt. Presence of icaA and icaD genes was not always correlated with biofilm production. The eno gene had the highest rate while the bap gene had the lowest rate. aureus isolates, the positive rates of eno, icaA, icaD, and bap genes were 75%, 15%, 62.5%, and 2.5% while in CNS were 92.6%, 5.9%, 47.1%, and 4.4%, respectively. All isolates were screened for presence of biofilm related genes, eno, icaA, icaD, and bap. Indian ink staining was used to detect the EPS layer of biofilm producers. aureus isolates were strong, moderate, and weak biofilm producers, while in CNS the percentages were 44%, 30.9%, and 19.2%, respectively. By microtiter plate (MTP) method, 52.5%, 27.5%, and 20% of S. aureus strains were strong, intermediate, and negative biofilm producers, while in CNS the percentages were 29.5%, 42.6%, and 27.9%, respectively. aureus and 68 coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis were investigated for their ability to form biofilm as one of the most important virulence factors.Using Congo Red Agar (CRA) method, 32.5%, 35%, and 32.5% of S. Although the patient was given polyvalent human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were normal: 7.3 g/L, 2.34 g/L, and 0.17 g/L, respectively), the long-term immunosuppressive therapy caused severe TCD4 + lymphopenia (0.064 × 10 9/L) and was instrumental in allowing the infection and dissemination of the yeast.A total of 40 S. Treatment with associating high doses of amphotericin B and flucytosine was quickly started, but the patient died 10 days later.Ĭryptococcus neoformans infection is rare among immunocompetent patients. BM examination suggested the diagnosis that was confirmed by additional tests. Disseminated cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans was confirmed by India ink stain and a cryptococcal antigenemia test was run on the cerebrospinal fluid. BM examination revealed no signs of dysmegakaryopoiesis or plasma cell invasion, but there were several histiocytes with intracellular encapsulated bodies identified as fungal cells. Complete blood count readings showed mild anemia (hemoglobin 105 g/L), normal white blood cell count (7.8 × 10 9/L) with severe lymphopenia (0.15 × 10 9/L), and severe thrombocytopenia (41 × 10 9/L), which prompted a bone marrow (BM) aspiration. After 3 relapses, she was treated with a combination of corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and pomalidomide and was believed to be in complete remission. Her International Staging System stage III MM had been diagnosed incidentally 8 years prior. A 77-year-old white woman who was followed for an IgA-λ multiple myeloma (MM) was admitted for the development of neurological symptoms. ![]()
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